Educational Administration and its Types


Educational administration is the main governing body of any educational institute, and it plays a major part in making decisions related to students, faculty and the institution’s overall status. There are several types of educational administration, depending on the educational institution’s nature. These administrations oversee the school’s development as well as the welfare of its students and faculty. More often, they are also the only entity that bridges the relationship between the school and the community.
Some of the major functions of administration can be cited as:
1. Planning of school programs and activities … plan to show objectives, instructional materials and the procedures and the means to attain set-objective.
2. Directing school work and formulating and executing educational policies … that is decision-making, who to carry out plans, who teaches what; and working out policies and regulations for all those in the organization.
3. Coordinating administrative and supervisory activities … in terms of harmonizing educational activities and makes them instruments for yielding outcomes.
4. Providing the necessary leadership.
5. Evaluating the teaching personnel and school program … as an administrative function includes teacher performance rating and school survey; and
6. Keeping records and reporting results … in that, records are kept for comparison and evaluation purposes; and reporting results to public will help them understand what the school can do and are doing.
Types of administration:
An organization has to make strategic and operational decisions. Where and by whom should these decisions be made? And: how should the organization structure be adapted? Centralization and Decentralization are two opposite ways to transfer decision-making power and to change the organizational structure of organizations accordingly.
Centralization:

  • The process of transferring and assigning decision-making authority to higher levels of an organizational hierarchy.
  • In a centralized organization, the decision-making has been moved to higher levels or tiers of the organization, such as a head office, or a corporate center.
  • Knowledge, information and ideas are concentrated at the top, and decisions are cascaded down the organization.
  • The span of control of top managers is relatively broad, and there are relatively many tiers in the organization.
Decentralization:

  • The process of transferring and assigning decision-making authority to lower levels of an organizational hierarchy.
  • In a decentralized organization, the decision-making has been moved to lower levels or tiers of the organization, such as divisions, branches, departments or subsidiaries.
  • Knowledge, information and ideas are flowing from the bottom to the top of the organization.
  • The span of control of top managers is relatively small, and there are relatively few tiers in the organization, because there is more autonomy in the lower ranks.
Three forms of decentralization: 

1. De-concentration. The weakest form of decentralization. Decision making authority is redistributed to lower or regional levels of the same central organization.

2. Delegation. A more extensive form of decentralization. Through delegation the responsibilities for decision-making are transferred to semi-autonomous organizations not wholly controlled by the central organization, but ultimately accountable to it.

3. Devolution. A third type of decentralization is devolution. The authority for decision-making is transferred completely to autonomous organizational units.

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